By Ray Liu 原创专栏, 本科名校申请 2015 年 5 月 13 日

美国大学本科的学位和专业

Degree, Major, Minor, Dual Degree, Double Major – 这些抬头到底代表了什么? 在你真正了解美国名校前务必要了解清楚: 美国大学本科的学位和专业

Degree – 学位

首先学位是本科 (Bachelor) 阶段最基本的一个分类。美国名校的本科学位分类非常简单，因为强调Liberal Arts Education (文理教育) ，所以绝大多数的美国名校只颁发文学学士 (Bachelor of Arts) 和理学学士 (Bachelor of Science) 两种学位，但是这两个穴位在不同学校的缩写会有不同。文学学士 (Bachelor of Arts) 的缩写可以是: B.A., BA, A.B., or AB，而理学学士 (Bachelor of Science) 的缩写可以是: Bc., B.S., BS, B.Sc., BSc, S.B., SB, or Sc.B.

在这里可能会有认为工程学院和商学院的本科毕业生也是这样的学位么？没错。比如著名的宾夕法尼亚大学Wharton商学院的本科毕业生获得的都是经济学的理学学士学位 (Bachelor of Science in Economics)，而MIT的所有工程学员的本科毕业生拿到的都是理学学士学位 (Bachelor of Science)。当然也有例外：比如密歇根大学Ross商学院的本科生拿到的就是Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) 工商管理学士学位。还有一些其他学位比如：Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) 艺术学士学位以及 Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) 教育学学士学位等等。

Major – 专业

想从美国大学毕业，你一定要完成一定数量的课程。这些课程中的一部分来自于General Education (GEs)课程，用来满足Liberal Arts Education的要求。在满足这些要求之后你就可以选择一个专业，在完成相关的所有必修课程之后，你的学位证书当中就会出现这个专业。比如你的本科进入了哈佛大学学习计算机科学，并且成功的完成了相关课程的学习，你的学位证书就是： Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) in Computer Science – 计算机科学文学学士学位。

美国名校有意思的地方就在于你可以完全不选择专业，甚至有些名校比如Brown University 布朗大学，甚至允许学生自创自己的专业。这样超凡的自由度也从一个程度上体现了这些名校对自己教学质量全面性的信心。

Double Major – 双专业

令人困惑的内容从双专业这个概念开始。双专业指的是你可以获得同一学位 (Degree) 下两个专业的认可。注意，这两个专业一定都要是在同一个学位下的，比如Economics和Computer Science就属于双专业，因为他们都属于文学学士学位。但是Economics和Computer Engineering就不属于双专业了，因为前者属于文学学士，后者属于理学学士。在这里提一下选择双专业的优势和劣势

优势:

首先你可以获得对两个学科的深刻认识。因为美国有些工作岗位会对专业有要求，所以双专业无疑将增加你的就业竞争力。另外有些学校会对双专业的学生提供特别的奖学金。

劣势:

双专业肯定会辛苦很多。虽然这两个专业都隶属于一个学位，但是在课程上的要求还是会有很大不同。此外，同时研究两个专业可能会让你顾此失彼，不确定自己的学术和职业兴趣究竟在哪里。

Dual Degree – 双学位

双学位就是你在大学里完成了两个学位。上面例子里的Economics和Computer Engineering就属于这样的情况。加入这样，你学位证书上的抬头就会非常长了：Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering 如果你进行这样双学位的选择你可能要进行跨学院的学习，所以在你General Education (GEs) 课程上的要求可能会更多，因为你要满足两个学院的要求。

优势:

抬头长一般暗示着一种牛X… 除此之外，上面双专业上的优势你也都可以获得。

劣势:

除了你会更加辛苦之外，因为两个学位相关课程会少很多，所以你可能需要更长的时间来毕业。

Minor – 辅修

如果你觉得你对除了本专业之外的某一个专业领域很感兴趣，但是没有精力Double Major，你可以选择在第二个专业领域进行辅修。通常来说，辅修(Minor)的要求是专业(Major)要求的一半。现在的美国大学中有三种辅修：第一是传统的缩小专业的辅修。比如国际关系的辅修包含了国际关系的所有基础课程和小部分进阶课程。第二种辅修是没有特定相关专业的辅修，比如在某一所大学学习了一系列创业 (Entrepreneurship) 相关的课程后，虽然这个大学没有创业专业，你也会获得一个创业的辅修。随后就是跨学院的辅修，从几个不同专业中各选择一些课程进行学习从而完成一个辅修。

优势:

在不占用太多时间的情况下得到一个领域的相关知识

劣势:

有些雇主可能并不特别认同学习了一门辅修你就充分掌握了这个领域的相关知识和技能。所以从长远来看，一个辅修更像是为了自己的兴趣而选择的。

结语

美国名校的一大特点就是足够多并且足够自由的选择。除了上面的专业和辅修之外，很多大学还提供Certificate (证书) 这样的认证来帮助你实现学术目标和职业理想。在美国名校里，学位和专业更像是一个称呼和形式，因为他们认为最重要的是帮助你一步步接近你的梦想。

专业选择大学学习经验分享美国留学职场未来

Ray Liu

作为51UStudy的主管，Ray是绝对的美国考试达人: GMAT: 750, GRE 331, TOEFL (iBT): 115, TOEFL (Paper-based): 653。但是真正让他自豪的是经过他的悉心指导，很多的同学都在GMAT, GRE, SAT, TOEFL考试中取得了非常傲人的成绩。而他更是在51UStudy设立起就参与了所有学生的申请工作，在从策划到实施到递交申请的每一个细节都积累了丰富的经验。

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